Quantitative hydrogen and methane gas sensing via implementing AI based spectral analysis of plasma discharge

In this report we explore the feasibility of a quantitative gas detection system concept based on alternations in spectral emissions of a radio frequency power generated plasma in presence of a target gas. We then proceed with training a deep learning residual network computer vison model with the spectral data obtained from the plasma to be able to perform regressive calculation of the target gas content in the plasma. We explore this concept with hydrogen and methane gas present in the plasma at know quantities to evaluate the applicability of the concept as hydrogen or methane detection system. We will demonstrate that the system is well capable of quantitatively detecting either of the gases efficiently while it is challenging to estimate hydrogen content in presence of methane

Laser Diode Induced Lighting Modules

Laser diodes have the potential of becoming the light engines of future lighting technology since they have negligible efficiency droop factor, unlike light emitting diodes. This study demonstrates the possibility of laser diodes coupled to phosphor targets being used as a solid state lighting system with high power applications. It was revealed that white light emitting modules with efficiency of up to 217 lumens per watt based on laser diodes can currently be made and upon further development of laser diode technology and relevant phosphor materials there is room for further improvements. The report also demonstrates the ability of this technology to produce a tailored emission spectrum for a given specific requirement. Two test lamp prototypes were made using laser diodes and phosphor targets and their emission characteristics were investigatedBrunel University London & EPSRC grant No. EP/K504208/

Deep learning analysis of plasma emissions: A potential system for monitoring methane and hydrogen in the pyrolysis processes

The estimation of methane and hydrogen production as output from a pyrolysis reaction is paramount to monitor the process and optimize its parameters. In this study, we propose a novel experimental approach for monitoring methane pyrolysis reactions aimed at hydrogen production by quantifying methane and hydrogen output from the system. While we appreciate the complexity of molecular outputs from methane hydrolysis process, our primary approach is a simplified model considering detection of hydrogen and methane only which involves three steps: continuous gas sampling, feeding of the sample into an argon plasma, and employing deep learning model to estimate of the methane and hydrogen concentration from the plasma spectral emission. While our model exhibits promising performance, there is still significant room for improvement in accuracy, especially regarding hydrogen quantification in the presence of methane and other hydrogen bearing molecules. These findings present exciting prospects, and we will discuss future steps necessary to advance this concept, which is currently in its early stages of development

Development of a Transparent Thermal Reflective Thin Film Coating for Accurate Separation of Food-Grade Plastics in Recycling Process via AI-Based Thermal Image Processing

This paper presents the development of a specific thin film coating designed to address the challenge of accurately separating food-grade plastics in the recycling process. The coating, created using a plasma sputtering process, is transparent to the visible spectrum of light while effectively reflecting infrared emissions above 1500 nm. Composed of a safe metal oxide formulation with a proprietary composition, the coating is applied to packaging labels. By employing thermal imaging and a computer vision AI model, the coated labels enable precise differentiation of plastics associated with food packaging in the initial stage of plastic recycling. The proposed system achieved a remarkable 100% accuracy in separating food-grade plastics from other types of plastics. This innovative approach holds great potential for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of plastic recycling processes, ensuring the recovery of food-grade plastics for future use

Evaluation of thermally stable phosphor screens for application in laser diode excited high brightness white light modules

A study on the preparation of thermally stable phosphor targets based on yttrium aluminum garnet doped with cerium (YAG:Ce) when excited by a high power laser diode is described. The luminous flux, chromaticity and radial spectral flux of the targets along with their thermal stability have been determined when exposed to laser powers of up to 5000 mW. This report presents successful high brightness light sources with adjustable emission properties achieved by utilizing thermally stable phosphor targets excited by high power laser diodes.Brunel University London, No. EP/K504208/

Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Sheet Resistance of Indium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Deposited via Plasma Deposition

We implemented deep learning models to examine the accuracy of predicting a single feature (sheet resistance) of thin films of indium-doped zinc oxide deposited via plasma sputter deposition by feeding the spectral data of the plasma to the deep learning models. We carried out 114 depositions to create a large enough dataset for use in training various artificial neural network models. We demonstrated that artificial neural networks could be implemented as a model that could predict the sheet resistance of the thin films as they were deposited, taking in only the spectral emission of the plasma as an input wi

Optical analysis of RF sputtering plasma through colour characterization

© 2019 by the authors. The photometric properties of an radio frequency (RF)-based sputtering plasma source were monitored through optical spectroscopy. The colour of the plasma source was deduced based on conventional chromaticity index analysis and it was compared to the direct spectral data plots of the emission peaks to investigate the possibility of characterising the plasma based on its specific colour and exploring the potential of defining a new method by which the plasma sputtering process can be addressed based on the plasma colour parameters. The intention of this investigation is to evaluate the possibility of simplifying the monitoring and assessment of the sputtering process for applied scientists operating plasma sputter deposition systems. We demonstrate a viable potential for this technique in terms of providing information regarding the stability of the plasma, chamber pressure, and plasma power; however, further work is underway to verify and assess a relationship between the quality of the thin film coating and the colour characteristics of the deposition plasma. Here, we only focus on the feasibility of such an approach and demonstrate interesting observations. We observed a linear relationship between the colour functions and the plasma power, while the stability of the sputtering plasma can be assessed based on the plasma colour functions. The colour functions also follow a unique pattern when the working gas pressure is increased

Decreased expression of heat shock protein HSP90α after exposure to doxorubicin in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231)

Background and purpose: Incidence of breast cancer is increasing day by day. Scientists are interested in the effects of inhibition of breast cancer cell on treatment of this cancer. The aim of this study was to determine IC50 of doxorubicin in 24 hours on cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and the expression of heat shock protein HSP90α as a factor in the cell before and after 24 hours exposure to doxorubicin in both breast cancer cell lines. Materials and methods: A descriptive interventional study was done in two cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231` after 24 hours exposure to doxorubicin. Sensitivity of cells to doxorubicin was determined using MTT Assay in excel software. HSP90α heat shock protein expression were qualitatively compared in both cell lines before and after exposure to doxorubicin using immunofluorescent techniques (Immunocytochemistry). Results: MTT Assay showed that IC50 value in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells after 24 hours exposure to doxorubicin (the dose that kills 50% of cells) were 14.521 and 16.3315µM, respectively. Immunocytochemistry revealed that HSP90α protein expression in both cell lines after exposure to doxorubicin decreased compared to the control group. Conclusion: Cell density in cell lines (ER-) MDA-MB-231 and line MCF-7 (ER+) after exposure to doxorubicin and increasing the dose of medication, decreased indicating a dose dependent effect. Also, apoptosis occurred in both cell lines and expression of HSP90α decreased but MDA-MB-231 cells were found to be more sensitive. © 2017, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Mouse Lung Conditioned Medium Induces Short Term Erythropoiesis in Mouse Long Term Bone Marrow Culture System

Dexter-type long-term bone marrow culture is a myelopoietic culture system that allows maintenance of  mouse and human hematopoiesis in vitro over a period of several months. In mouse unperturbed long-term  bone marrow culture, erythropoiesis activity is limited to the production of immature erythroid progenitors  (BFU-E) from primitive hematopoietic stem cells. In this study the effects of mouse lung conditioned  medium (MLCM) as a source of myeloid growth factors, on long-term mouse bone marrow cultures was  studied. Numbers of cells in adherent and non-adherent layers of cultures were counted weekly and the  morphological appearances of mature cells that were produced in non-adherent layers were analyzed. In the  presence of MLCM, mature nonnucleated and hemoglobinized red blood cells were produced in the nonadherent  layers of the cultures.

The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma Dressing on Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Background: Some of the studies confirmed the effectiveness of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). However, these studies had small sample size and used different methods such as PRP gel or PRP injections. The results are also contraversial. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PRP dressing on healing of DFUs. Patients and Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 50 patients with DFUs referred to Kashan’s Shahid Beheshti hospital. Patients were randomly allocated to control (n = 25) and experimental (n = 25) groups. Data collection instrument consisted of two checklists; one for gathering demographic information and the other one included questions about ulcer characteristics and its treatment. After surgical debridement, ulcers depth and surface area were measured. Then, the ulcers of the control group were irrigated and dressed with sterile gauzes. However, in the intervention group, ulcers were dressed with sterile gauzes impregnated with PRP. Ulcers depth and surface area of all ulcers were measured on the days 0, 7, 14 and 21 after debridement. Independent-samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze data. Results: At baseline, the mean ulcer depth were 15.08 ± 10.43 and 19.08 ± 14.01 mm in the control and intervention groups, respectively (P = 0.26), which decreased to 13.03 ± 14.1 and 4.560 ± 5.76 after three weeks (P = 0.04). Moreover, the mean ulcer surface area were 14.17 ± 8.52 and 12.791 ± 14.86 mm2 in control and intervention groups respectively (P = 0.69), which decreased to 11.88 ± 13.65 and 2.68 ± 5.94 after three weeks (P = 0.03). Conclusions: PRP dressing could significantly decrease the depth and surface area of DFUs in a three-week period